Understanding Anaemia and Its Impact on Pregnancy

Anaemia is a medical term that refers to a condition where there is low hemoglobin in the blood. Specifically, it is classified as anemia when the hemoglobin levels drop below 10 g/dL. The most frequently encountered type is iron deficiency anemia, which is primarily due to inadequacy of iron. This is often compounded by nutritional deficiencies involving  vitamin B12, and protein as well. Other common causes include hereditary conditions and anemia stemming from chronic diseases, blood loss due to worms, piles, etc.

Physiological Changes in Pregnancy: During pregnancy, many women experience what is known as physiological anemia. This form of anemia is a result of normal physiological changes, which can often be observed around the fifth month of gestation. Although  he change is physiological, it can be troublesome if hemoglobin drops below 7 g %.

Understanding the significance of  anemia is crucial.

Impact on Maternal Health: Anemia during pregnancy is particularly concerning due to its effects on the mother. When a woman gives birth, whether through a normal delivery or cesarean section, there is some amount of blood loss involved. In specific situations, this blood loss can be more significant, such as in the case of larger babies, twin births, or individuals prone to bleeding. If a woman’s hemoglobin level is low, it may be difficult to cope with this blood loss, which can place strain on her heart. Anemia can also lead to complications such as infections and increases risk of mortality or morbidity to the mother.

Consequences for the Baby: The effects of maternal anemia extend to the baby as well. When a mother has low iron stores, the likelihood of the baby developing anemia increases. Apart from this, these women are prone for infection and premature delivery. Thus potential complications for the infant include low birth weight, growth restriction, and the risk of prematurity.

Preventive Measures: To help prevent anemia during pregnancy, it is advisable for women to begin iron supplementation daily from the fourth month onwards and continue throughout their pregnancy and post-delivery, even if her haemoglobin is normal. Ideally, the iron supplementation should be taken on an empty stomach or with a minimal amount of food for optimal absorption. Substances that can enhance iron absorption include vitamin C supplements, homemade lemon juice, or amla. Conversely, it is advisable to avoid consuming calcium, tea, coffee, and heavy meals close to iron supplementation to prevent inhibitory effects. Most iron supplementation cause some gastro intestinal disturbances. Those can be reduces with change of type of medication, alteration with food, etc.

Hereditary Anaemia Concerns: While hereditary anemias are less common during pregnancy, they remain significant, as they can also impact the baby. The most prevalent hereditary forms include beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. Routine screening for these conditions during pregnancy is beneficial, as it can help identify any diseases if present and assess the risk of major bleeding disorders prior to childbirth. In most cases, oral iron supplements can be effectively utilized, although intravenous options should generally be avoided.

If your hemoglobin is low, it requires evaluation for the cause. The treatment depends up on the cause and degree of anemia. Most women with anemia in respond to oral treatment of iron supplementation. Patients who do not tolerate oral iron at all and have iron deficiency anemia, injectable  iron is better option. If hemoglobin is very low( below 7 g% or is due to acute blood loss , causing overwork by the heart) , blood transfusion is required.

Conclusion

Maternal anemia is a critical health concern that can affect both the mother and her baby during pregnancy. The risk factors associated with anemia, such as blood loss during delivery and hereditary conditions, present significant challenges that necessitate awareness and proactive management. Most importantly, by focusing on preventive measures, including iron supplementation and proper dietary choices, expectant mothers can enhance their health and reduce potential complications for their infants.

As we strive for healthier pregnancies, it is vital to stay informed and prioritize regular medical check-ups, including screening for anemia and hereditary blood disorders. If you are pregnant or planning to conceive, talk to your healthcare provider about your risk for anemia and the best strategies to mitigate it. Your health, and that of your baby, depends on it—take action today for a healthier tomorrow!